Cranial Nerves
http://www.slideshare.net/farhan_aq91/cranial-nerve-iii-iv-and-vi Retrieved 11/18/15
I OlfactoryClose eyes, shut one nostril with finger. Test ability to smell out of each nostril.
IV TrochlearStare straight ahead and follow examiner's finger. Test eye movements up, down, and diagonal.
VII FacialSmile, frown, puff up cheeks.
X VagusHave patient swallow or cough.
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II OpticRead with one eye closed, then the other. Look for double and blurred vision.
V TrigeminalClench jaw. Test chewing and sensation on face.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves Retrieved 11/18/15
VIII VestibulocochlearCover one ear and close eyes. Whisper to patient and denote if they can hear you. Repeat with other ear.
XI AccessoryResisted shoulder shrug. Test swallowing.
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III OculomotorStare straight ahead and follow the examiner's finger. Test eye movements up, down, and diagonal.
VI AbducensStare straight ahead and follow examiner's finger. Test lateral eye movements. Also test one-legged balance.
IX GlossopharyngealHave patient swallow. Test sensation of posterior 2/3 of the tongue.
XII HypoglossalStick out tongue.
http://bayareaneurosurgery.com/anatomy/neuroanat_brstm_crannerves.html Retrieved 11/18/15
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Starkey, Chad et al. Orthopedic And Athletic Injury Examination Handbook. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co., 2010. Print.
Reflexes
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/reflex-arc-diagram Retrieved 11/18/15
A reflex is an action performed as a response to a stimulus without conscious thought. Receptors in the skin transmit nerve impulses through an afferent neuron directly through the interneuron (not going all the way to the brain) and then from an efferent neuron to the effected musculature.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. |
https://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/neuro3.htm Retrieved 11/18/15
Magee, David J. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders Elsevier, 2008. Print.
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